The side-emitting optical fiber has a high degree of freedom in modeling, energy saving and environmental protection, and a long and uniform light guiding distance. It is widely used to outline building outlines, road lighting guidance and indoor fiber optic strip lights, and even used in automotive ambient lighting and other projects.

For the future development of hybrid fiber devices, novel materials and advanced structures are two important components of photonic and optoelectronic integration. Research has uncovered many other layered and non-layered 2D materials with different properties233,286, and their van der Waals heterostructures further reveal unusual physics and properties287,288.

In the past few years of research, the fusion of silica fibers with 2D materials has facilitated the rapid development of in-line manipulation of light beams in terms of polarization, phase, intensity, and frequency, which has led to the integration of all-fiber photonics and optoelectronics.